Decoupling for ecological sustainability: A categorisation and review of research literature

Highlights
• We reviewed 179 articles on decoupling published between 1990–2019.
• The papers present evidence of absolute impact decoupling, mainly between CO2 and GDP.
• No evidence of economy-wide, national/international absolute resource decoupling.
• No evidence of the kind of decoupling needed for ecological sustainability.
• In the absence of robust evidence, the goal of decoupling rests partly on faith.

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